Sample chapter 1

Helmut Laage
Author and Publisher

New solutions for the
old phenomena in physics and astronomy.

	Sample: CHAPTER 1 (4 pages) How the internal mechanism of the gravitational force is identified, if the gravitational force is represented as an impact force (not as an attractive force) in a medium designated as UE ether. The principle is described by me here for the first time

	To me it was intuitively clear, and I had a great amount of certainty about this, that bodies do not attract each other mutually under the action of the gravitational force, because, for this to happen, they would really require something similar to invisible poles miles long with hooks or cables. This concept of attraction appeared to me to be simply too primitive compared to that which I wished to pursue. Therefore my thoughts were directed over time towards finding a gravitational force mechanism which impacts on the bodies with respect to each other and which requires some medium for this as an impacting agent, an ether. This ether is described in detail in Chapter 5. Initially it suffices here to know that the ether consists of only the smallest, equal-sized jumble of physical particles flying about. The ether particles fly about with a ping-pong effect on random zigzag paths with mean velocities considerably greater than the velocity of light (Section 4.4). They impact continuously according to the laws of completely elastic collisions, similar to the way in which one also imagines the collisions of the continuously ping-ponging gas molecules in a gas in the kinetic gas theory. The individual ether particles also have a name. I call them elemental matter units or, in abbreviated form: UE's. And I call the ether, which is made up of UE's, the UE ETHER. The UE ether expands to almost infinite distances without being held together by an external "shell", as demonstrated in Chapter 5.

	Page 2 (Chapter 1) The UE's are much smaller than all subatomic particles presently known in physics. UE's represent the smallest units of elemental matter, which are not further divisible. The mass of a UE is almost infinitely small. The mean velocity of a UE is almost infinitely large (Section 4.4.), where the numerical terms "almost infinitely small/large" are explained in even greater detail in Section 2.11. UE's behave electrically and magnetically neutral. Also, no gravitational force acts between one UE and another, although UE's have tiny masses as stated. UE's and the UE ether are the agents and the medium by means of which, and with whose assistance, the gravitational force is first generated. Now of course the objection arises immediately that if such a UE ether exists with its particles, the UE's, even though they are also so very small, then all bodies which move through it must be braked. For example, the orbiting velocities of the planets must be slowed down in their orbits around the sun over millions of years in such a way that they would come to a standstill and fall into the sun. Or there is the objection that the fast flight of light particles must gradually come to a standstill, so that light from far regions of the universe, which has already been traveling for billions of years on the way to us here, could not arrive here at all, because it would have been slowed down beforehand and would be still stuck in the UE ether. I will counter all of these very important and serious objections and negate them. This can be seen in Chapter 6. under the heading "Why the UE ether does not brake (does not noticeably brake) bodies traveling through it". After a following preparatory Chapter 2., in which the mathematical sub-structure for all further chapters is prepared, I will represent by calculation how the UE ether generates impacts, which drive arbitrary bodies against each other in this UE ether. I will indicate that the impact developed by the UE's is exactly (as good as exactly) of the type which satisfies the empirically confirmed law of gravitational force F = G m₁ m₂ / R², Sections 3.1, 3.11

	Page 3 (Chapter 1) The reader will thus become acquainted, with truly unbelieving astonishment, with the internal mechanism of the gravitational force. I call this internal mechanism of the gravitational force UE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE MECHANISM, and to the gravitational force generated by the UE gravitational force mechanism I give the name UE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE. It can be that, in the past, such investigations to represent the gravitational force as an impact force have already been undertaken by discoverers of the theory. However, any explanation of this type is not known to me personally. If there should have been such explanatory investigations in existence before me, they will not have been capable of proving themselves and so will have remained unknown, because they could not solve the problem already discussed above e.g. how celestial bodies are supposed to move over time through the impact ether, which is necessary for these impact theories, without being braked inside it and coming to a standstill by degrees.

	In fact, this problem cannot to be solved simply and I had to spend much more time in overcoming it in Chapter 6, as mentioned, than in providing the solution to the problem as to how bodies are impact driven against each other, satisfying the law: F = G m₁ m₂ / R². Faced with the task as to which of the two problems I should solve first - either the problem of whether it really is possible to drive bodies onto each other through UE impacts, in accordance with the law F = G m₁ m₂ / R² or the problem as to how bodies move unobstructed and unbraked through the UE ether - I decided to initially examine and solve the first problem and only after this to examine and solve the second problem in Chapter 6, with the aid of the mathematical aids found there. Later on, it was then necessary to rework the solution method of the 1^st problem again, because new knowledge resulted from the solution of the second problem, which had to be interwoven into the solution method of the 1^st problem.

	Page 4 (Chapter 1) Both problems are thoroughly interwoven with each other and afterwards I can say that it is not at all possible to represent the 1^st problem, the UE gravitational impact process, in isolated form, without a 3^rd problem also additionally arising, which is the structure of the bodies from elemental matter units (yes indeed; exactly the same elemental matter units of which the UE ether also consists), to indicate, at least in its main features, how bodies move without obstruction through the UE ether, as in Chapter 5, with whose assistance the 2^nd problem is then explained again. The world is as complex as this.

	A very new world is opened before us. The world of UE's. The UE world. The impact force produced by the UE ether, with which bodies, e.g. two bodies, are driven against each other, as is represented in detail in Chapter 3, then basically looks as follows: The many UE's, which impact on the two bodies from all directions out of the UE ether, are conceptually combined into UE beams and from such UE beams a certain UE content is absorbed in the bodies. The impact force of the absorbed UE's, i.e. those which remain stuck, which is dependent on the flight angle, then drives the bodies onto each other. From this there results the necessity to also describe the regularities of absorption procedures, as already mentioned in the preparatory chapter, as a component part of the mathematical sub-structure for the understanding of the UE gravitational force mechanism, as well as the impact laws, and to represent both especially with a view to providing just such a UE gravitational force mechanism.

	Since even fully matured physicists are still afflicted with feelings of discouragement when faced with integral calculus, I will represent integral calculus equations as required here in all detail, mostly with calculated examples and, with few exceptions, I will also desist from employing any sentences such as: " ... after a few intermediate calculations the following results ... " rather I will in fact carry out the intermediate calculations to release the reader from the task of having to implement them, which must be worked through to assuage feelings of caution and healthy skepticism. As is known, this task often takes a lot of time if the correct computational approach is not readily available.